Federal appropriations alone have not provided either adequate or sufficiently flexible funding to address growing problems. Long backlogs of needed but unfunded efforts are typical of federal land management agencies. For example, in 1998, efforts against invasive species cost the National Refuge System $13 million. Today, the backlog of invasive species projects on refuges has increased to more than $150 million. Likewise, the National Park Service cannot control invasive species on 93 percent of its affected lands. Problems are similarly widespread on private land and in the nation’s waters. Control of just one Great Lakes invader, the sea lamprey, costs over $12 million each year.